![]() Griffith's 1915 silent film The Birth of a Nation, which mythologized the founding of the first Klan, it employed marketing techniques and a popular fraternal organization structure. It suddenly started to grow after 1920 and flourished nationwide in the early and mid-1920s, including urban areas of the Midwest and West. The second Klan started in 1915 as a small group in Georgia. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes: robes, masks and conical hats, designed to be terrifying and to hide their identities. ![]() Each chapter was autonomous and highly secretive about membership and plans. It sought to overthrow the Republican state governments in the South, especially by using voter intimidation and targeted violence against African-American leaders. Organized in numerous independent chapters across the Southern United States, federal law enforcement suppressed it around 1871. The first Klan was established in the wake of the American Civil War and was a defining organization of the Reconstruction era. In each era, membership was secret and estimates of the total were highly exaggerated by both friends and enemies. All three movements have called for the "purification" of American society, and are all considered far-right extremist organizations. It committed murders and bombings to achieve its aims. The third Klan formed in the late 20th century largely as a reaction to the growing Civil Rights Movement. The KKK of the 1920s had a nationwide membership in the millions and reflected a cross-section of the native-born white population. The second iteration of the Klan originated in the late 1910s, and was the first to use cross burnings and hooded robes. The first Klan founded by Confederate veterans used terrorism-both physical assault and murder-against politically active Black people and their allies in the Southern United States in the late 1860s. Each has advocated extremist reactionary positions such as white nationalism, anti-immigration and-especially in later iterations- Nordicism, antisemitism, anti-Catholicism, Prohibition, right-wing populism, anti-communism, homophobia, anti-atheism, and Islamophobia. Each comprised local chapters with little or no central direction. Three separate Klans have existed in three non-overlapping time periods. The Ku Klux Klan ( / ˌ k uː k l ʌ k s ˈ k l æ n, ˌ k j uː-/), commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan in recent decades, is an American white supremacist, right-wing terrorist, and hate group whose primary targets are African Americans, Hispanics, Jews, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and Catholics, as well as immigrants, leftists, homosexuals, Muslims, atheists, and abortion providers.
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